Self-assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-appraisal - Term Paper Example In light of the enormous five character evaluation, the part of receptiveness to experience and insight had a score of 47% which was decided as ordinarily uncreative. This needs improvement which will primarily be guided by engaging in imaginative meetings, complex exercises, however on a continuous procedure and progressively ordinary parts of the learning condition. This is significant given the current worldwide patterns that require imagination for one to upset through in whatever vocation they pick. Scruples was positioned at 64% which implied that I am ready to sort out myself and am dependable. Be that as it may, there should be an improvement to achieve self-restraint. Self-restraint in any working or social condition is significant in light of the fact that it separates one from all the rest (Drucker, 2010). Unwavering quality will prove to be useful too in different zones inside the association. Extraversion was positioned at 64% which implied that I generally appreciate pa rties. There should be some improvement in the territory of being chatty and carefree. I am anyway increasingly pleasing, at 74%, which demonstrates thought for the sentiments of others. This should be kept up and supported (Kelvin, 2011). I am additionally increasingly loose during an emergency which was positioned under neuroticism and had a score of 27%. Such is a significant quality when in the executives or managing threatening individuals in social settings while in school, this is something that guides in making bond with numerous individuals, thus a superior way of life and a quiet domain for all. The enthusiastic insight test indicated a high score on passionate knowledge. This suggests I am acceptable at abilities that need to manage the translation and comprehension of feelings and furthermore when there is a need to follow up on those aptitudes. Be that as it may, more work is required to keep up these since adroitness to respond and manage social and passionate clashes is consistently a significant trait, all things considered, circumstances. Enthusiastic knowledge is

Identifying Problems When Obtaining Population Parameters

Recognizing Problems When Obtaining Population Parameters We gauge populace parameters, for example, the mean, in light of the example measurements. It is hard to get an exact worth or point estimation of these figures. A progressively viable and educational methodology is to discover a scope of qualities where we expect the populace parameters will fall. Such a scope of qualities is known as a certainty interim. 1. Certainty INTERVAL Definition The certainty interim is a scope of qualities developed from test information so the populace parameter is probably going to happen inside that extend at a predefined likelihood. The predefined likelihood is known as the degree of certainty. The state of the likelihood dispersion of the example mean permits us to determine an interim of explicit likelihood that the populace mean, Ââ µ, will fall into. 1.1 Large Sample Or Standard Deviation Is Known Case 1: The standard deviation à Ã¦' is known; or It is an enormous example (for example in any event 30 perceptions). The Central Limit Theorem expresses that the inspecting appropriation of the example implies is around ordinary. We can utilize the tables in the Appendix to locate the fitting Z esteem. Key Points The standard ordinary dispersion permits us to make the accompanying inferences: 68% of the example means will be inside 1 standard deviations of the populace mean, Ââ µ. 95% of the example means will be inside 1.96 standard deviations of the populace mean, Ââ µ. 99% of the example means will exist in 2.58 standard deviations of the populace mean. These interims are known as the certainty interim. The standard deviation above (for example the standard mistake) is alluding to the standard deviation of the inspecting appropriation of the example mean. Finding 0.475 in the body of the table, read the comparing line and segment esteems, the worth is 1.96. Therefore, the likelihood of finding a Z esteem somewhere in the range of 0 and 1.96 is 0.475. Similarly, the likelihood of being in the interim between - 1.96 and 0 is additionally 0.475. At the point when we consolidate these two, the likelihood of being in the interim of - 1.96 to 1.96 is consequently 0.95. 1.1.1 How would you register a 95% certainty interim? Accept our examination includes the yearly beginning pay of business graduates in a nearby college. The example mean is $39,000, while the standard deviation of the example mean is $250. Accept our example contains in excess of 30 perceptions. The 95% certainty interim is somewhere in the range of $38,510 and $39,490. Found by $39,000 +/ - 1.96($250) As a rule, the populace standard deviation isn't accessible, so we gauge it as adheres to: (Standard Error) Ends: 95% certainty interim 99% certainty interim Certainty interim for the populace mean (n > 30) Z relies upon certainty level Model 1 The Hong Kong Tourist Association wishes to have data on the mean yearly pay of visit guides. An arbitrary example of 150 visit guides uncovers an example mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this example is $2,050. The affiliation might want answers to the accompanying inquiries: (a) What is the populace mean? The best gauge of the obscure populace esteem is the relating test measurement. The example mean of $45,420 is a point gauge of the obscure populace mean. (b) What is a sensible scope of qualities for populace mean? The Association chooses to utilize the 95% degree of certainty. To decide the relating certainty interim, we utilize the equation: The endpoints would be $45,169 and $45,671 and they are called certainty limits. We could expect about 95% of these certainty interims contain the populace mean. About 5% of the interims would not contain the populace mean yearly pay, for example the Ââ µ. Figure 2 Probability dissemination of populace mean 1.2 Small Sample Or Standard Deviation Is Unknown Case 2: The example is little (for example under 30 perceptions) or, the populace standard deviation isn't known. The right factual system is to supplant the standard ordinary circulation with the t appropriation. The t appropriation is a nonstop conveyance with numerous likenesses to the standard typical circulation. 1.2.1 Standard ordinary conveyance versus t circulation Figure 3 Z dispersion versus t conveyance The t dispersion is compliment and more spread out than the standard ordinary circulation. The standard deviation of the t dispersion is bigger than the ordinary circulation. Certainty interim for an example with obscure populace mean, à Ã¦'. The certainty interim is Expect the example is from an ordinary populace. Gauge the populace standard deviation (à Ã¦') with the example standard deviation (s). Use t dispersion as opposed to the Z circulation. Model 2 A shoe creator needs to research the helpful existence of his items. An example of 10 sets of shoes that had been strolled for 50,000 km indicated an example mean of 0.32 inch of sole staying with a standard deviation of 0.09 cm. Developing a 95% certainty interim for the populace mean, would it be sensible for the producer to presume that after 50,000 km the populace mean measure of sole remaining is 0.3 cm? Expect the populace dispersion is ordinary. The example standard deviation is 0.09 cm. There are just 10 perceptions and subsequently, we use t dispersion Estimation: = 0.32, s = 0.09, and n = 10. Stage 1: Locate t by moving over the column for the degree of certainty required (for example 95%). Stage 2: The section on the left edge is recognized as df. This alludes to the quantity of degrees of opportunity. The quantity of level of opportunity is the quantity of perceptions in the example less the quantity of tests, composed n-1.(i.e. 10-1=9). Stage 3: Confidence Interval = The endpoints of the certainty interim are 0.256 and 0.384. Stage 4: Interpretation the maker can be sensibly certain (95% sure) that the mean residual track profundity is somewhere in the range of 0.256 and 0.384 cm. Since 0.3 is in this interim, it is conceivable that the mean of the populace is 0.3. 2. Picking AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE The important example size relies upon three components: Level of certainty needed: To build level of certainty, increment n. Safety buffer the scientist will endure: To lessen passable mistake, increment n. Inconstancy in the populace being contemplated: For an all the more generally scattered example, increment n. We can communicate the collaboration among these three components and the example size in the accompanying equation: Test size for evaluating the populace mean, Note: n: Sample size Z: Standard typical worth S: Estimate of populace standard deviation E: Maximum passable blunder Model 3 A bookkeeping understudy needs to know the mean sum that autonomous chiefs of little organizations acquire every month as compensation for being an executive. The blunder in evaluating the mean is to be under $100 with a 95% degree of certainty. The understudy found a report by the administration that evaluated the standard deviation to be $1000. What is the necessary example size? Most extreme passable blunder, E, is $100. Estimation of Z for a 95% degree of certainty is 1.96, and the gauge of the standard deviation is $1000. Substitute into , we get n = [ (1.96) (1000) ] 2 = 19.62 = 384.16 100 The example of 385 is required to meet the necessities. In the event that the understudies need to expand the degree of certainty, for example 99%, this requires a bigger example. Z = 2.58, so n = [ (2.58) (1000) ] 2 = 25.82 = 665.64 100 Test = 666 3. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Definitions Speculation is an announcement about a populace parameter created to test. Speculation testing is a technique dependent on test proof and likelihood hypothesis to decide if the theory is a sensible explanation. In measurable examination, we generally make a case about the populace parameters, for example a theory. We gather information and afterward utilize the information to test the affirmation. 4.1 Five-Step Procedure For Testing A Hypothesis Figure 4 How to test a speculation 4.1.1 Step 1: State invalid speculation (H0) and elective theory (H1) The initial step is to express the speculation being tried. It is known as the invalid speculation. We either reject or neglect to dismiss the invalid speculation. Neglecting to dismiss the invalid speculation doesn't demonstrate that H0 is valid. The invalid speculation is an explanation that isn't dismissed except if our example information give persuading proof that it is bogus. The elective theory is an explanation that is acknowledged whether the example information give adequate proof that the invalid speculation is bogus. Model 4 A diary has unveiled that the mean period of business helicopters is 15 years. A measurable trial of this announcement would initially need to decide the invalid and the substitute speculations. The invalid theory speaks to the present or announced condition. It is composed H0: Ââ µ = 15. The substitute theory is that the announcement isn't correct, for example H1: Ââ µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢ 15. 4.1.2 Step 2: Select a degree of centrality The degree of importance is the likelihood of dismissing the invalid theory when it is valid. A choice is made to utilize the 5% level, 1% level, 10% level or some other level somewhere in the range of 0 and 1. We should choose the degree of hugeness before defining a choice principle and gathering test information. Type I blunder: Rejecting the invalid speculation, H0, when it is valid. Type II blunder: Accepting the invalid theory when it is bogus. Model 5 Assume AA Watch Ltd has educated arm band providers to offer for contract on the flexibly of a lot of arm bands. Providers with the most reduced offer will be granted a sizable agreement. Assume the agreement indicates that the watch makers quality-confirmation office will take tests of the shipment. H0: The shipment of arm band contains 6% or less inadequate arm bands. H1: More than 6% of the sheets are blemished. An example of 50 arm bands got August 2 from BB Meta

buy custom Obesity essay

purchase custom Obesity exposition Stoutness generally revealed way of life issue that is said to have no fix. This is a ceaseless condition that is brought about by over the top muscle to fat ratio. It is conceivable to obtain this ailment when you put on a ton of superfluous weight, and afterward you can't consume a similar measure of calories earned. There are certainly a lot of reasons for this specific illness that happen both in kids, and in grown-ups. All things considered, the body needs a specific measure of fat in the body so as to work ordinarily, and this likewise changes with people. In ladies, the amount of fat ought to be somewhere in the range of 25% and 30%. In men, the amount ought to be somewhere in the range of 18% and 23% .With these normal figures, at that point a man with over 25% and a lady with over 30% is viewed as fat (Heymsfield et al. 525). Once more, from the ebb and flow investigate, at any rate 33% of the all out American populace is corpulent or overweight. There have been huge clashing perspectives from well known insightful diaries on whether heftiness ought to be viewed as a malady. There has not been any substantial demonstrate to help any of the contentions that have been proposed. In spite of the fact that heftiness isn't the main general medical issue, it is inappropriate to name it as a malady from the customary perspective, since it doesn't meet the sensible rules for such illnesses. This issue is a genuine wellbeing issue that is legitimately hurtful to ones wellbeing. For example, in America, 300,000 passings happen every year with the significant reason being stoutness. At the point when an individual is experiencing this issue, they are presented to more prominent odds of being tainted by various ceaseless ailments. These incorporate the Insulin obstruction, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary failure, disease, among others (Manson et al. 885). The fat cells in the body are fundamentally liable for the insulin opposition more than the muscle cells, and this is the reason this is a significant reason for heftiness. The insulin opposition state can generally keep going for s numerous years, and when the pancrease is not, at this point ready to create the significant levels of insulin, the blood glucose levels start to rise, which at last outcomes to type 2 diabetes. From the clinical report, it is likewise clear that, during the period when there is insulin opposition, there will likewise be the solidifying of the supply routes, which is additionally an intricacy of this malady. Among the more established hefty people, the basic entanglements that they experience the ill effects of are High circulatory strain, coronary failure, and malignant growth issues. As the body weight increments among the ladies, so does their danger of their pulse. The report additionally indicated that the hazard is more prominent in ladies than in men. A similar case applies to ladies whose BMI is more noteworthy than 29. These people endure an extraordinary danger of experiencing passing from the coronary illness (Williamson et al. 178). With the primary coronary failure, there is expanded danger of a previous one to happen if heftiness is the fundamental issue. Corpulence is additionally connected with representing an incredible hazard to malignancy contamination. It is connected to causing colon malignancy in the two people. Because of estrogen increment in the circulatory system, the ladies are additionally at more serious danger of being tainted with bosom malignant growth, pa rticularly in their postmenopausal stages. At present, it is clear than separated from indulging and physical inertia, there are a few other basic factors that add to heftiness. One of these elements is the hereditary segment. On the off chance that at least one guardians have the historical backdrop of being fat, at that point an individual will have the possibility of having their hormones being tainted, and alter the fat guideline. Nourishments that are high in fat and sugars have been known to have a high fat substance, thus add to incredible weight gain (Droyvold et al. 340). An eating regimen that has over the top sugar levels will thus prompt expanded glucose levels that invigorate the insulin discharge by the pancreases. This procedure in the end prompts the development of fat tissues, which causse weight gain. The motivation behind why more ladies are at the danger of being large is the way that, they have less muscles than the men. For this specific explanation, they have more slow metabolic rates than men, and in a similar way, weight reduction is progressively troublesome. Individuals lose their muscles as they progress in age, and their metabolic levels delayed down. This happens all the more regularly if an individual doesn't lessen their caloric admission. With expectations of arriving at the normal body loads, the people might be compelled to adjust a demanding eating regimen. After some time, there may be some amazing weight reduction perceived, however it ordinarily returns rapidly (Yuker and Allison 250). This is the reason an all the more enduring answer for treat weight ought to be not being directed in momentary premise, however it ought to be a continuous deep rooted process. People ought not append all the more significance to putting on a perfect load as a method of treating heftiness, however the general objective ought to be to reach and keep up a more advantageous weight, for a more drawn out time. Researchers have put forth attempts of improving the drug and treatment of this issue (Heymsfield et al. 557). Their primary objective is to have a superior and more secure approach to manage this issue. Right now, there is no demonstrated treatment for stoutness that is viewed as moment, yet it is fairly a progressive procedure. This is accomplished by a long-existence of legitimate eating regimen and ordinary exercise. Medicine is given to those patients whose danger of having corpulence is more noteworthy than the potential side of recuperating securely. Taking everything into account, it is significant for each person to attempt to keep up their optimal body weight by adjusting their food utilization and calories required by their body. The strength of an individual is controlled by what they eat, subsequently, it is imperative to continue checking the sums and nature of nourishments that one eats. This propensity ought to be rehearsed in all age gatherings to forestall the event of heftiness and its difficulties among the residents. Purchase custom Obesity exposition

International Human Resource Management A Literature Review - Free Essay Example

Due to globalization, the economy around the world has been largely integrated. Many corporations are expanding their markets into regions or other countries they have never touched before. These corporations are experiencing an evolutionary stage: internationalization. It is clear that effective human resource management of an organization is the major competitive advantage and may even be the most important determinant of organizational performance. Thus, in order to survive in the crucial global economic market, a multinational corporation (MNC) mainly relies on the capability of its international human resource management (IHRM) during the internationalization process. In other words, it is the IHRMs responsibility to enable the MNCs to be successful globally. Over the past several decades, practitioners and scholars have devoted great effort to explore the field of IHRM and there have developed thousands of literatures which support the notion that international human resource management is increasingly an important topic. Most of their focus has been on IHRM issues in MNCs. Further, much of the literature deals specifically with managing expatriates (Napier, 1998).This literature review is divided into five parts. First part provides a brie f introduction of the IHRM definition. In the second part, reasons for the increasing importance of IHRM are explained. Then, the author introduces strategic IHRM and an integrative framework of Strategic IHRM in MNCs Definition of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) What is IHRM? Actually, it is not easy to provide a precise definition of international human resource management (IHRM) because the responsibility of an HR manger in a multinational corporation (MNC) varies from one firm to another. Generally speaking, IHRM is the effective utilization of human resources in a corporation in an international environment. Scullion (1995: p352) defined IHRM as the HRM issues and problems arising from the internationalization of business, and the HRM strategies, policies and practices which firms pursue in response to the internationalization of business. In most studies, the term IHRM has traditionally focused on expatriation (Brewster and Harris, 1999). However, IHRM covers a far wider spectrum than expatriation management. Four major activities essentially concerned with IHRM were recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and repatriation of expatriates (Welch, 1994). Iles (1995) also identifies four key areas in IHRM as recruitment and selection, training and development, managing multicultural teams and international diversity and performance management. From the perspective of worldwide people management, Hendry (1994) points out three main issues in IHRM: 1) expatriation management and development; 2) the management internationalization through the whole organization; 3) creating a corporate culture to internationalize the corporation to fulfill the increasing need of inter-cultural interactions of doing business abroad and in home country. Recent definitions concern IHRM with activities of how MNCs manage their geographically decentralized employees in order to develop their HR resources for competitive advantage, both locally and globally. The role and functions of IHRM, the relationship between subsidiaries and headquarters, and the policies and practices are considered in this more strategic approach. Dowling, Schuler and Welch define IHRM as a collection of policies and practices that a multinational enterprise uses to manage local and non-local employees it has in countries other than their home countries (Dowling et al., 1993: p2). Due to the development of globalization, new challenges occur and increase the complexity of managing MNCs. IHRM is seen as a key role to balance the need for coordinating and controlling oversea subsidiaries, and the need to adapt to local environments. Therefore, the definition of IHRM has extended to management localization, international coordination, and the development of global leadership, etc. (Gregerson et al., 1998; Scullion and Starkey, 2000). To sum up, IHRM should not become a description of fragmented responses to distinctive national problems nor about the copying of HRM practices, as many of these practices suit national cultures and institutions. Indeed, issues of concern in IHRM are those of consistency or standardization within diverse social and cultural environments (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2002). Reasons for growing importance of IHRM In order to explore the field of IHRM, it is important to understand why there is gradual increase of interest in International Human Resource Management. IHRM is of great importance at present for a number of reasons: Recent years have witnessed the rapid growth of globalization and international competition. The multinational corporations (MNCs) have increased in number and significance, which contributing to the growing importance of the international role of human resource management (Black et al., 2000). It has been increasingly recognized that the effectiveness of human resource management is one of the major factors to determine the success or failure of international business. There is also recognition that the quality of management in international operations seems to be more critical than in domestic operations (Black et al., 1999; Harris et al., 2003). A growing shortage of managers with international exposure and experience is becoming an increasing deficiency which affects a companys corporate efforts to expand abroad. Meanwhile, the emerging markets require managers with distinctive competence and context-specific knowledge of how to do business successfully in countries which are both culturally and economically distantly. Thus, a larger role for IHRM activities in multinational corporations is assigned (Black and Gregersen, 1999; Morgan et al., 2003). The failure in international business arena is often costly both in human and financial terms, and is proved to be more severe than that in domestic business. Companies need to take precautionary measures to train and compensate human resources. This makes a full-fledged IHRM necessary (Dowling et al., 1999). HR strategy plays a significant role in the control and implementation in MNCs. It is not difficult to determine which strategy to pursue for a MNC in an internationalizing environment. What challenges is how to implement these strategies to be successful. Developing unique or ganizational cultures is of far more importance than structural innovations in any global or transnational strategy. To this extent, IHRM strategy becomes the crucial determinant of the implementation and success of the MNC strategy (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998). The complex nature of HRM problems involving in global environment is underestimated by some companies. Poor management of human resource often results in business failures in international business. Expatriate performance failure or underperformance continues to be problematic for IHRM in many international corporations (Dowling et al. 1994). Strategic IHRM Under the global context, understanding how multinational Corporations (MNCs) can operate more effectively becomes more important than ever. This links a MNC with the need of an internationalized strategy which can direct its subsidiaries operation not only in the home country, but also in different parts of the world. There are several reasons to develop IHRM strategy: 1) at any level, HRM is important to strategy implementation (Hamel Prahalad, 1986; Schuler and Jackson 2001); 2)major strategic components of multinational enterprises have a major influence on international management issues, functions, and policies and practices(Edstrom and Galbraith, 1977; Robers et al., 1998); 3) the attainment of the concerns and goals of MNCs can be influenced by many of these characteristics of IHRM (Kobrin, 1992); 4) the study of IHRM is challenging and important because there are a wide variety of factors making the relationship between MNCs and IHRM complex(Bartlett and Goshal, 1998, 200 0; Dowling et al., 1999). Schuler et al. (1993) define strategic IHRM as human resource management issues, functions and policies and practices that result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and that impact the international concerns and goals of those enterprises(P422). They developed a model (see figure 1.) to examine the field of Strategic IHRM. The model shows the linkage of important elements connected with IHRM, the importance of integration and differentiation of these elements. Exogenous Factors Industry Characteristics Country/ Regional Characteristics MNC Concerns and Goals Competitiveness Efficiency Responsiveness Flexibility Transfer of Knowledge and learning SIHRM Issues Interunit Linkages -control/ variety Internal Operations Local sensitivity / Strategic fit SIHRM Function Orientation Resources Location Strategic MNC Components Interunit Linkages Internal Operations SIHRM Policies/ Practices Staffing Appraising Compensating Developing Endogenous Factors Structure of International operations Headquarters international orientation Competitive Strategy Experience in Managing International Operations Figure 1. Integrative framework of Strategic IHRM in MNCs In the model, two major strategic components of MNCs that influence Strategic IHRM are pointed out: interunit linkages and internal operations. Regarding interunit linkages, multinational enterprises are concerned with how to effective operate their various world-wide operating units. In particular, the key objectives appear to be how these operating units are to be differentiated and integrated, controlled and coordinated. For strategic IHRM, the issues associated with integrating and coordinating an MNCs units represent a major influence on strategic IHRM issues, policies and practices (Schuler et al., 1993). With respect to internal operations, they require the same attention as the linkage of the units, since they all influence MNC effectiveness. Each unit has to be operated as effectively as possible relative to the competitive strategy of the MNC and the unit itself (Schuler et al., 2002). It has been argued that the success of strategic IHRM in a MNC is largely influenced by the quality of it human resources and how effectively the corporations employees are managed (Bartlett and Goshal, 1992). There are three approaches which describe how multinational companies manage the human resources and their overseas subsidiaries: ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric. Eethnocentric Approach This practice usually happens in the early stage of a firms internationalization involvement. With this approach, strategic decisions are all made by the headquarters and the management practices are transferred to the subsidiaries. Most important positions are filled by parent-country nationals (PCNs).As a result, little autonomy is given to overseas operating units. During this stage, home country expatriates exercise tight control. Polycentric Approach When the strategy becomes polycentric, there is a marked decline in the number of PCNs sending abroad and their role changes into communication and coordination of strategic objectives. Host-country nationals (HCNs) are recruited to manage the operating units in their own country because local managers know more about the local circumstances and are more familiar with local business ethics. More autonomy is given to local managers to develop their own management practices appropriate for the subsidiary. Geocentric Approach This approach relates most closely to the global or transnational strategy. Selection of employees is based on competency rather than nationality. The best of headquarter and local practices are combined by MNCs in order to come up with a global-implemented HR strategy. Most MNCs take the IHRM strategy as a guideline and implement it locally. It is therefore the HR managers responsibilities to provide the proper international HR strategy to prepare and manage the employees in their home country or an international assignment. IHRM and Culture Different cultures of various countries and MNCs are one of the most important and difficult challenges to the conduct of IHRM. National and organizational cultures differentiate from one country and firm from those of another. Often these differences clash when companies conduct business in multinational environment. Cultural differences across countries can influence people in their work environment (Harzing Ruysseveldt, 2004). Hofstede (1984) defines culture as collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hofstede, 1984: P21). It is important to understand peoples different cultural backgrounds to be able to identify the consequences for international management. According to Medich (1995), culture is a crucial variable in international assignments and should be included in international management practices (Medich, 1995). As it is claimed by Briscoe and Schuler (2004) that knowledge about and competency in working with country and company cultures is the most important issue impacting the success of international business activity (Briscoe and Schuler, 2004: P114), understanding various values, beliefs and behaviors of people are essential aspects of success for doing business internationally. Understanding Culture as Layers of Meaning The multiple layers of meaning of culture are one of the complexities that make it so difficult to manage. There are a large number of readily observable characteristics (such as food, art, clothing, greetings and historical landmarks) that differ obviously from other countries or operations. Sometimes these are referred as manifestations of underlying values and assumptions which are much less obvious. One way to understand this complexity is explained by the layers of culture model (see Figure 2). The model represents culture as a series of layers. Moving from outside to inside, each layer represents less and less explicit values and assumptions while the values and assumptions become more important in determining the attitudes and behaviors. Surface Culture Hidden Culture Invisible Culture Figure 2. Model of Culture Layers The outermost layer, which is called the surface layer, corresponds to readily visible values and assumptions, like dress, body language and food. The middle layer or the hidden culture layer corresponds to religions, values and philosophies concerning for example what is right and wrong. The invisible layer at the core represents one cultures universal truths, which is most difficult for foreigners to understand (Briscoe Schuler, 2004). According to Harzing and Ruysseveldt (2004) there exist different cultural dimension among different cultures. These cultural dimensions have been identified and one frequently cited work from a well-known researcher within this cultural dimension field is Geert Hofstede. Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstede have identified five cultural dimensions for which each country could be classified in. These five dimensions are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, and long-term versus short-term orientation (Hofstede, 2001). Power distance indicates the level of inequality in institutions and organizations. A country with large power distance is characterized by formal hierarchies and by subordinates who have little influence in their own work and where the boss have total authority. Uncertainty avoidance focuses on the level in which people in a certain country tolerate uncertainty and ambiguity within the society. High uncertainty indicates that the country has a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This will inevitably create a society which is rule-oriented, which institutes laws, regulations and controls to diminish the amount of uncertainty (Hofstede, 1984). Individualism versus collectivism refers to the degree where people prefer to take care of themselves, and making their own decisions rather than being bound to groups or families. A highly individualistic society consists of usually impersonal and loose relationships between individuals, while a low individualistic society has more tight relationships between individuals, hence referred to as collectivism by Hofstede (1984). The masculinity versus femininity dimension describes if a culture are bound towards values that are seen as more similar to womens or mens values. Masculinity is characterized by stereotype adjectives such as assertiveness and competitive, while the femininity is characterized by modesty and sensitivity. A high masculinity ranking indicates the country experiences a high degree of gender differences, usually favoring men rather than women. The fifth and last cultural dimension is long-term versus short-term orientation. A long-term oriented society emphasize on building a future oriented perspective in contrast to the short-term oriented society which values the present and past (Hofstede, 2001).

Econometric Models And Estimation Methods - 1402 Words

3. Econometric Models and Estimation Methods BYUIloggpa = ß + ßLoansabove7250 + ßLoansbelow7250 + ßOnline + ßPathway + ßSchol + ßDepartment + ßCredits + ßMarr + ßGender + ßAcahold + ßHonhold + ßTranscredits + ßFirstgen + ßMinority + ßDegree + ßOnlinePath + ßLastSemester + u In the econometric model, the log of GPAs is the dependent variable. The independent variables, as listed in the above model, are: amount of students loans, online or day student, Pathway graduate, scholarship, department, number of cumulative credits, marital status, gender, academic holds, honor holds, transfer credits, first generation college student, minority, level of degree attained, an online and pathway interaction variable, and last semester, indicating when each student graduated. The student loan variable is split into a set of three dummy variables, the reference category is if the student doesn’t have any loans, the next category is if the student has loans below 7,250 dollars, and the last category is for students with more than 7,250 dollars in loans. The reference category for the online dummy variable is if the student is a day or on campus student. The pathway variable is for a student that came to Brigham Young University-Idaho through the Pathway program. The department variable represents a set of dummy variables listing all of the different departments from which the students in this study graduated. 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A Reflection of the Treatment of African Americans in the...

In the time between World War I and World War II, African Americans faced many forms of discrimination. After World War I, during the 1920s, some 800,000 African Americans moved north to cities such as Detroit, New York City and Chicago due to the harsh treatment they faced in the South. However, the North was not free of bigotry. Langston Hughes, a famous African American poet and author, wrote many poems describing the treatment of African Americans and their struggle to survive. Hughes poems reflect the treatment of African Americans in the 1920s and 30s in a very realistic manner regarding: education, housing, and racist organizations. During the 1920s and 30s educational opportunities for African Americans were becoming†¦show more content†¦Roosevelt won the election. His plan to restore America to economic stability was an `alphabet soup of programs known as the New Deal. It brought upon organizations such as the National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The NYA and the CCC enabled black youths to continue their education. The National Youth Administration helped them by quot;[giving] young people part time jobs that provided money to help them stay in schoolquot; (Boyer, 1995, 702). Also, quot;some 200,000 young black men flocked to the CCC, where they found work and trainingquot; (Boyer, 1995, 708). Although African Americans had work and training available to them, they were quot;strictly segregated from the whitesquot; (Boyer, 1995, 708). With the help of the CCC, NYA and other programs brought on by the New Deal, more educational opportunities were opened unto African Americans than ever before. Also, during this time period, discrimination towards African Americans in relation to housing was common. African Americans were confined mainly to overcrowded and dilapidated housing. They were also restricted to low paying, menial jobs. 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The Family Jewels/Electra Heart by Marina and the Diamonds free essay sample

â€Å"OH MY GOD. You look just like Shakira!† These are often the first words sung from my mouth when I see a certain friend of mine in the morning. Followed immediately by, â€Å"No, no, you’re Catherine Zeta?† and then her response: â€Å"Actually, my name’s Marina!† If I had my choice, I’d probably paint a heart by my eye everyday to show my support of Marina Diamandis. She’s easily my newest favorite artist, but unlike all my previous â€Å"favorite† singers, she’s stuck with me far longer than even my parents expected. In fact, my dad was the one to introduce her songs to me. I don’t remember what caught my attention the most: the sound of her voice, so deep and lilting one moment, then high and flirtatious the next, or maybe the sound of the music, so unique to a mind used to radio stations stuck on Katy Perry, Maroon 5, Rihanna, and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on The Family Jewels/Electra Heart by Marina and the Diamonds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Maybe it was her lyrics. â€Å"One life with one dream on repeat†¦I’ll escape if I try hard enough†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœtil King of the Jungle calls my bluff†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Never before had I found myself buying over a dozen songs all by the same person. The difference, I’ve decided, between her and other singers, is precisely that her songs are different†¦from each other. None of them sound anything like each other, but they all have a very definite twist of Marina. How to Be a Heartbreaker, I’m on my feet dancing like I’m cuckoo , Lies, and I’m practically in tears for her, Teen Idle, and suddenly I want to go give all my friends a hug. She’s beautiful and talented, and the words that pour from her mind also come from her heart. Before you ask, she sounds the same on YouTube and iTunes as she does ten feet away on a stage. Marina and the Diamonds†¦or really, just Marina. This is a woman who managed to alter a few lyrics in a song Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢ve never cared for, and then instantly won me over with her live video of her singing it a capella. What song was this? None other than Boyfriend by Justin Bieber. No longer a song about â€Å"swagger†, it’s a song about a frustrated girl and her ex-boyfriend, and what he could’ve done to treat her better. I hope she continues to tour and will here again next year, as her concerts are not to be missed. I have yet to hear her on the radio, but I promise that when I do, the volume will be turned waaaaaaay up. She’s obsessed with the mess that’s America, and I’m obsessed with the jewel that’s Marina†¦.

Marie de Frances Lanval

Marie de France wrote this wonderful piece of literature in the late 12th century. The author is considered one of the earliest French woman poets but she was probably active in England. This trivia provides an insight as to why she wrote about her hero as someone who is an outsider because Marie de France was naturally an outsider, being a French writer in England.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marie de France’s Lanval specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The genre is lai which is a â€Å"poetic and musical form popular among the poets of Northern France; these are long poems with rhymed stanzas of 6 to 16 lines and 4 to 8 syllables (Fajardo-Acosta, 2000, p.1). However, the lais of Marie de France are twelve verse narratives dedicated to a noble king, probably Henry II (Fajardo-Acost, 2000, p.1). Lanval is well known not only account of the lyrical beauty of this particular piece of literature but also bec ause it talks about love, loyalty and generosity, themes that will be discussed in this study. Love Love is a prominent theme in this lai for it speaks about the noble deeds, the triumphs and trials of Lanval. The author paints different images to illustrate different types of love. The love of a knight to his king was the first image that leaps out of the verses from the poet’s pen. The love of a soldier is seen in the way he fights for king and country. Lanval participates in battles to defeat the â€Å"Picts† and the â€Å"Scots† (France, 2005, p.1). His love shines through even brighter as the author reveals that he is foreign born and that Lanval is no ordinary knight. He is the son of a king but his father is not the one he currently serves. The type of love mentioned earlier is between two men, however, this is merely the beginning. Lanval’s love is yet to shine even brighter the moment he laid eyes on his lover. After a moment of depression and a struggle against injustice as the noble night fails to receive his just reward, fate smiles on him as he encounters the most beautiful woman he had ever seen. He falls in love in an instant and this is how the author describes the feeling: â€Å"Love pricks him, strikes in him the spark. Now his heart blazes in the dark† (France, 2005, p.4). He drinks his fill of love under her beautiful tent. He does not know how to stop.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Love is like an inferno in his heart and he cannot be happy unless he is with her. Since his lover is some kind of an enchanted being she can appear out of nowhere and be with him but he is not satisfied. He is in a state of unhappiness when the dark side of human love is presented by the author. The Queen lusts after the hero. It is a love perverted because it only takes away and forces itself, unlike the mutual shari ng that Lanval feels whenever he is with his lover. Loyalty Lanval’s loyalty shines like the morning sun. He fights for a king that ignores him. He is steadfast when everyone around him has shown nothing but an unreliable heart. When the test came he remains a loyal soldier and he did not rebel but simply said â€Å"A stranger in a strange land, is sad, when no helps at hand† (France, 2005, p.2). But the true measure of his loyalty is yet to come. Seduction is the Queen’s main tool to capture the heart of an unwilling partner. She is powerful and most probably an attractive woman. The author shows through a clear description of the strategy employed that Lanval could have chosen to be a traitor for the king for he can transgress and no one can discover his dastardly act. Nevertheless, his loyalty breaks through the deception and he tells the seductress, â€Å"Would I ever act against my King?† (France, 2005, p.8). His reply only increases her lust for him .. The Queen persisted using all the strategies and the manipulative skills at her disposal. There is tremendous pressure for him to cave in but he did not. Thus, the Queen lets go of her final salvo and she said that Lanval’s manhood is questionable. It is a trap and it is easy for him to give in knowing that the taunts would end but it his loyalty to his lover that saves him. He says to the seductress one more time â€Å"But I do love, I alone love a lady who’d win the prize† (France, 2005 p.9). In anger he clarifies that the compliment is not meant for the Queen.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marie de France’s Lanval specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generosity Generosity is another major theme of France’s lai, the author manages to present different levels of generosity. The first level of generosity is demonstrated by King Arthur and through this verse one can see how he rewards his loyal soldiers: â€Å"Women and land he shared out with generous hand† (France, 2005, p.1). The image of an open hand is a mark of generosity but the king’s generosity is limited for it simply reciprocates what others have done for him. The second level of generosity is seen through the actions of Lanval. He gives gifts without a thought of a reciprocal action. Lanval directs his gifts not only to his friends but to total strangers. The author paints a clear picture as to the extent of Lanvals generosity â€Å"Lanval ransomed all the prisoners; Lanval dressed all jugglers and jongleurs† (France, 2005, p.6). These are people of no significance. In other words by giving them money Lanval cannot hope to regain it through favors and other financial means of repayment. The highest form of generosity however came from Lanval’s lover. The money he uses to shower his friends did not come from his pocket – the unlimited source of income flows fr om the treasury of his lover. But her generous heart is in full display when she liberates Lanval from the clutches of an evil Queen. Her generosity is rooted in his deep love for Lanval and it enable her to be bold and say â€Å"Arthur, now listen to me!† (France, 2005, p.16). These are words not fit to say to a mighty King of Breton. But it is the highest form of generosity that empowers her, for this time she did not shower Lanval with gifts of gold but the gift of life. Conclusion The themes of love, loyalty and generosity are very much evident in this story told in lyrical poetry. Love can be seen in different levels. The same thing can be said about generosity and loyalty. The author succeeds in presenting these themes through the use of rich imagery and beautiful language.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author did not simply tell a story but she describes it using related images. The themes of love, generosity, and loyalty came to life through the lives of powerful characters like Lanval, the King, the Queen, and of course Lanval’s lover. Works Cited Fajardo-Acosta, Fidel. Marie de France. Creighton University, 2000. Web. France, Marie de. Lanval. Trans. Judith Shoaf. 2005. Web. This essay on Marie de France’s Lanval was written and submitted by user Jerry Moore to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Homelessness Concern In United States Essays

Homelessness Concern In United States Essays Homelessness Concern In United States Paper Homelessness Concern In United States Paper There are many problems that cause homelessness. One cause is because housing is unafordable to the poor people. Other causes include physical illness, mental illness, drug and alcohal abuse, people not working, poor work ethics, and bad education. Also, a big reason why homelessness is caused is because some of these people are lazy. Homeless people need help finding jobs, finding afordable housing, and help paying for the housing. A minority of the homeless is capable but unwilling to work. Many services try to help the homeless people but alot of the homeless are substant abusers and they recieve little help because all the money they get most likely will be spent on drugs and alchohal. However, they do get is clothes, transportation, and help with public benifits. Every night in the U. S. , about 750,000 people experience homelessness and 3. 5 million people experience homelessness for some period of time (days to months). There are many people who work every day of the week who do not make enough money to pay for rent and bills, not including money for food, healthcare, work clothes, school supplies and other needs. Over each year, millions of homeless people in the U. S. need important health cares services and most dont have any health insurance or the cash to pay for the medical care. Finding healthcare is a big challenge for the homeless people. There were about 3 million men, women, and children that were reported homeless in this past year. The homeless have trouble getting by with the little that they have. Services like SSI (Supplimental Security Income), Food Stamps, and TANF (welfare) have been trying to help this issue for years. Many of the people on the streets wont even accept any help so its hard to help the issue in some cases. Many people cant afford a place to live and homelessness has emerged as a major problem. Some people just need help earning money to pay rent, but others may require treatment for mental illnesses or substance abuse illnesses. Many people need child care so they can work or search for a job, or legal assistance to help them escape from domestic violence. A lot of people would also benefit from free adult education or job training programs.

Aspects of power in organisations Literature review

Aspects of power in organisations - Literature review Example Based on this context, it is evident that the consideration of organisational politics can offer a basis for challenging the existing paradigm (Sparks, Faragher & Cooper 2001, p. 503). This paper seeks to report the existing literature on power in the context of a noteworthy branch of organisation management, human resource management. The rationale of this paper is informed by the need to raise the profile of the politics of power in HRM. Literature Review The fundamental question that informs this literature review concerns what power has to do with HRM. Reading through HRM textbooks, it quickly becomes clear that power as an idea is rarely examined explicitly (Rigg & Trehan 2004, p. 157). Whenever the issue of power is tackled directly, it is mostly as a question of negotiating power between the organisation and its labour force, the responsibility of empowerment, or the power of organisational leaders to execute punishment or rewards (Ali 2012, p. 983). However, indirectly, power can be termed as an interesting topic in the HRM literature since it prompts the question of the status or influence of HRM as a critical function in organisations. In the context of HRM in organisations, power refers to the deliberate influence over the behaviours, emotions and beliefs of the workforce. However, according to Witt, Andrews & Kacmar (2000, p. 343) power is largely ubiquitous since without power (typified through influence) it is impossible to have cooperation and stability within the organisation. However, by and large, the execution of power often results in problems, which typically stem from the visions of people with power, as well as the way they use their power. Observations have been made regarding the growing significance of HRM in organisations in the last few decades. The human resource (HR) department has become the central figure of organisations, and the question of the influence and role of the HR department has come to the forefront (De Leede & Looise 2005, p. 115). Historical accounts have analysed the emergence of power among HR specialists in organisations, there is no empirical work specifically related to the application of power by HR specialists (Harley & Hardy 2004, p. 378). The ideal of organisations where the entire workforce works collaboratively toward a mutually acceptable goal is common in most HRM rhetoric. However, the reality is quite different since although teamwork is often regarded as one of the most significant organisational virtues, the workplace is often shrouded in demerits such as competition, antagonism and conflict. It is within this context that an in-depth appreciation of influence and power proves essential. All organisations are comprised of individuals with diverse tasks, personal interests and careers (Gotsis & Kortezi 2010, p. 499). According to Sparks, Faragher & Cooper (2001, p. 494) in order to be successful in getting things done, HR specialists need to appreciate the importance of their c apacity to exert influence on the organisation’s entire workforce. In the execution of their power, a vast majority of conventional HRM programs have taken on, whether knowingly or unknowingly, managerialist or functionalist perspectives. Managing typically encompasses the exertion of influence through the use of power. In the contemporary

Argument response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument response paper - Essay Example I believe that when families are developed on the patterns of kinship, family members are quite closely related to each other and they do not think in an individualistic manner. Kinship is the best pattern for a family because in such a pattern families and its members find it easier to depend on each other and they share problems with each other. When problems are shared, people within the family try to find a solution to the problem together and everyone tries to help. Due to this, the burden of solving problems is shares and due to decrease in the burden, the person facing the problem does not have to take enough stress. On the other hand, individuals who belong to families where individualism is promoted experience higher level of stress as they try to solve problems on their own. This is why individuals belonging to individualistic cultures end up indulging in deviant behaviors such as drinking and abusing drugs. In case of kinship, families keep a close eye on each other and if the find patterns of drug abuse are being developed by a family member, they tend to intervene and help the individual in getting rid of the

Regional Economic Cooperation Essay Example for Free

Regional Economic Cooperation Essay One of the most important developments in the world trade system in the 1990s has been the emergence of regional cooperation. The end of the Cold War reduced political tensions between countries in Asia as well as globalizing production processes and increasing vertical integration. Cities like Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore have been lifting their populations out of poverty in part through cooperative arrangements with neighboring countries. Transnational economic zones have utilized the different endowments of the various countries of East Asia, exploiting cooperative trade and development opportunities. Transfer of technology and manufacturing between nations has allowed them to develop sequentially. Information technology has improved linkages between economies and put remote regions in contact with the world. The private sector provides capital for investment; the public sector provides infrastructure, fiscal incentives, and the administrative framework to attract industry. Regional cooperation is now considered the means of enhancing economic development and providing economic security within the regions. Trade among ASEAN members accounted for more than 23% of all trade by member nations in 1994, topping that of any of the groups major trading partners. Singapore has concentrated on becoming the technology center for Southeast Asia, sending labor-intensive operations to low-cost neighboring countries like Malaysia and Indonesia in special mutual cooperative trade and development arrangements known as growth triangles or growth polygons. The Southern Growth Triangle, also known as SIJORI (Singapore, the Johore state of Malaysia, and Riau Province of Indonesia), was formed in 1989 and covers a population of about 6 million people. It attracted $10 billion in private sector investments during its first five years. Such regional economic cooperation has occurred in other Asian regions as well, spurring economic development. Growth triangles are expected to be a continued driving force for growth in Asian economies throughout the 1990s. Four growth triangles have been established since 1989, involving parts of 11 countries. There are currently eight growth polygons in East and Southeast Asia, with additional triangles being planned. For example, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Chinas Yunnan Province have been discussing ways to develop the Mekong area since 1992. Regional cooperation provides a competitive model to attract investment and technology. According to the secretary general of ASEAN, Ajit Singh, These growth areas will have to be flexible to change where necessary, innovative, and always attentive to the needs of the investors and the businessmen. They also have to be aware that they are competing with much larger countries such as China and India, whose capacities for attracting investors are much greater than their own (Kruger 1996, 17). Asian capital markets are now watching the global economy, and large companies recognize their need to be involved in this fastest growing region in the world. The growth triangles typically group remote regions of the nations involved in an effort to exploit complementary assets within the groupings. For example, the Tumen Delta triangle integrates the capital and technology of Japan and the Republic of Korea with the natural resources of Russia and North Korea (i. e. , the Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea) and the labor and agricultural resources of China. The governments of Brunei, East and West Kalimantan, and North Sulawesi of Indonesia; Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan in Malaysia; and Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines have given priority to expanding air and shipping routes within the East ASEAN Growth Area, another polygon. Where all parts of the polygon are at similar levels of development, growth is expected to be slower. Singapore has provided capital and technology for developments in Malaysia to support SIJORI. Thailand is expected to provide capital and experience in developing the Mekong polygon. It will encompass a population of over 400 million people offering low wages, rents, and land costs. The Southern China Growth Triangle The Southern China Growth area comprises Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the southern provinces of China (Thant et al. 1994). Because China lags behind Taiwan and Hong Kong considerably in economic development and has a very large population, growth in this triangle has enormous potential. Establishment of this triangle was spurred by market forces and private sector initiatives rather than by policy coordination among the countries. However, government policies have supported the economic links that were instituted. The PRCs economic reforms and open door policy initiated in 1978 laid the foundation for economic success in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Establishment of Chinas first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in 1980 provided for tax concessions, expanded land use rights, and simplified procedures for foreign investment. Policies for land use, finance, and trade were designed to reduce transaction costs and to provide greater access to the domestic as well as the world market. Policies formulated within the SEZs themselves have been even more liberal than those in other parts of the triangle. For China, the triangle has provided exports, foreign exchange, and employment as well as access to the larger global economy. Rapid economic growth and higher incomes have occurred in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces with materials and components from Taiwans manufacturing sectors and the support of Hong Kongs advanced services sector. Geographical proximity and common language are the most compelling factors for capital to move across the border from Hong Kong into Guangdong Province, or for investment to flow across the Formosa Strait from Taiwan to Fujian Province. Cantonese is a Chinese dialect spoken in both Hong Kong and Guangdong, while Fujianese is spoken in both Taiwan and Fujian. For Hong Kong and Taipei, the triangle has provided a means of implementing structural changes in manufacturing and export patterns at minimal cost. In spite of recent political posturing on the part of China, economic planners in Hong Kong and Taiwan are optimistic that economic logic will continue to drive regional integration. Low-Cost Sourcing As Japanese and U. S firms seek to reduce the cost of their latest innovations, they are outsourcing production to low-cost contract manufacturers. China has a growing number of low-cost parts and components suppliers. With a minimum of overhead and a large pool of low-cost labor in China, there is a growing list of high-quality vendors in China. The continuing miniaturization of products has lead to joint ventures with companies from Japan, the United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other Asian countries. The success of these firms is dependent upon providing competitive value in a timely manner. Low-cost board assembly operations in China utilize the latest SMT equipment required by new computer and telecommunications products. Capital intensity will increase as IC packaging and SMT assembly operations are installed. In the 1980s, Korea and Taiwan provided the first step in the cost reduction chain by providing the most advanced process capabilities. Singapore and Malaysia became additional sources for contract manufacturing with the establishment of global vendors like SCI and Solectron. Today, further cost reduction is possible by moving production to lower cost regions like China and the Philippines. Wongs Electronics in Hong Kong provides a three-step process for cost reduction that includes low-cost labor, low-cost sourcing, and low-cost production designs. Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and China are considered the home of lowest-cost manufacturing competitors in the electronics industry today. They offer limited component technology or product design skills, but provide many low-cost suppliers of generic, low-technology components. Since low-cost manufacturing countries generally lack the technologies required to become industry leaders, they must follow the technology trends as quickly as possible. OEM competitors from Taiwan and Singapore are being forced to open branch plants in China or other Southeast Asian countries to produce the most labor-intensive, cost-driven products.

Restrictions on Guns for the Sake of Life :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

"Our cause is just, our cause is real, our cause is now!" cried out Mayor Wellington Webb. While watching the television news, I heard the mayor say this. I also found out that over the past five years one hundred and fifteen homicides occurred each year. Obviously the harmful situation involving guns is growing to new horrible heights. The news show was about gun control. If the mayor acknowledges that there is a problem, we as the citizens should also. Restricting the right to bear arms will undoubtedly make any community safer. However, to do so would take a lot more than just prohibiting the sale of guns. Many people, at least in my community, own guns. Granted, many of these guns are used for hunting, but they are still guns. The authorities would have to take everyone's guns away to really make a community safer. I believe that it would make a community safer because guns kill, accidentally and on purpose. Many people argue that they have guns for protection--protection from the other people who carry guns. They defend their possession of guns saying they can use their guns to kill an intruder. They also argue that their guns are used to hunt and feed their families. Although these defenses may be true, I am brought back to an incident that occurred last year where I lived. A father of a couple of the girls at my school was hunting with his son and he accidentally killed him. This is a terrible tragedy, but it brings us face to face with the reality that even in the most innocent of situations, if a gun is involved there is a possibility of death. Originally, guns were not intended to protect; they were intended to kill. Made for wars, they were weapons of war, in which they were used to fight enemies and to help a country be more powerful, and they are still used for this today. However, today we are fighting a different war. We used to speak of waging war; today we are waging war. This war is against people. Kids are killing kids on rampages through schools. Gang members use guns to kill someone that they just don't like, and then the other gangs must retaliate, which makes it a never-ending cycle. The intent of a gun, whether to protect (as many people say) or not, is to kill someone else.

Cohesion for Writing Projects Essay

Cohesion, or coherence, is the intangible glue that holds paragraphs together. Having good coherence in a writing project means that your ideas stick together and flow smoothly from one sentence to the next, so that readers of your work can easily understand where you are taking them. Without cohesion, a written work can seem choppy and may not flow well; a lack of coherence challenges the reader and can hurt comprehension, thus rendering your attempt at communication ineffective at best. We will look at cohesion within paragraphs, but the basics below, along with organizational devices like headings, help to link sentences, paragraphs and sections coherently in longer, complex writing projects. Here are four main components of cohesion: relevance order linking words repetition of key words 1. RELEVANCE A simple way to build cohesion or flow between sentences is to look at the meaning of a sentence and compare it to the point of the next sentence. They should be related yet not the same. If the two sentences are not closely related, you will lose the readers‟ attention, because they will have to guess where you are going. If the two sentences are identical, you are not adding any new information to your work, and the reader will be annoyed. Example – Too different: relevance not clear Antigone‟s motivation is family duty, even if it means death. She must rebel which will cause an uproar – the consequences don‟t matter to her. This would also explain why she rejects Ismene‟s support later in the play. They both have different motivations – Ismene has nothing left to lose and wants to go out with a glorious bang. In this paragraph, two sentences are far too separate. The first two sentences talk about Antigone‟s motivations and how far they will drive her. The focus is then redirected to Ismene, and the paragraph focus is not clear. It lacks cohesion. When a sentence relates the Ismene information back to Antigone, we have cohesion: Antigone‟s motivation is family duty, even if it means death. She wants to rebel which will cause an uproar – the consequences don‟t matter to her. In  contrast, her sister, Ismene, has completely different motivations for her actions and wants glory, which explains why Antigone rejects her support later in the play. Example – Too similar Aristophanes exaggerates Socrates‟ intelligence in a humorous way. Aristophanes portrays Socrates‟ intelligence as a tool of humor. He makes Socrates use his intelligence to make a mockery of people. Aristophanes makes Socrates appear very brash in the use of his intelligence. The author conveys only two points with these four sentences – that Aristophanes uses Socrates‟ intelligence as a joke, and that he did so by having Socrates mock people. Cutting away the unnecessary repetitions strengthens cohesion: Aristophanes exaggerates Socrates‟ intelligence in a humorous way. The playwright makes Socrates use his intelligence to make a mockery of people, being very brash in the process. 2. ORDER Writers should always ask themselves â€Å"Is this sentence relevant to the idea of this paragraph?† Every paragraph should have a main idea (typically stated in a topic sentence). To maintain cohesion, all sentences within a paragraph should relate to this main idea. For example, if you are writing a paragraph on why nuclear power plants are an efficient, clean way of generating energy, it may seem out of place to then reflect on why a duck‟s quack does not echo and the resulting societal implications. More often than  not, these sentences are important to your paper, but need to be moved elsewhere: in a separate paragraph or just relocated within the same paragraph so the sentences order is logical. Common ways to order sentences Chronological Cause and Effect Clarification (first sentence is broad, general statement, and the following sentences explain it with details) Compare/Contrast Example – Chronology is unclear Then there was another meeting with Satan, who said if Job‟s body was tested Job would sin against God. The three friends Eliphaz of Teman, Zophar of Naamah, and Bildad the Shuah came to try and console Job. The three saw then that Job was stricken with disease and his  suffering was very great. Chronological order and time signals improve cohesiveness: There was another meeting with Satan, who said if Job‟s body was tested Job would then sin against God. When Job was later stricken with disease and suffering greatly, his three friends, Eliphaz of Teman, Zophar of Naamah and Bildad the Shuah, tried to console him. Example – Cause and effect: These sentences start with an action that is the result of an earlier event. Flow is not smooth because without links or logic, the reader has to do a little bit of mental rearranging: The detective tried to gather more evidence by going to the store to ask Mr. McDougal what he knew about the murder. He did this because when he had asked the Davidson‟s maid what she saw at the scene of the crime, she mentioned McDougal. Ordering these sentences by cause and effect, i.e. chronologically, creates: The detective talked to the Davidson‟s maid and asked her what she saw at the scene of the crime. She mentioned the local store owner, Mr. McDougal, so the detective then visited McDougal to gather more evidence. 3. LINKING/TRANSITION WORDS Transition words can help a paragraph flow more smoothly. The following two sentences are far apart, in fact, opposites in content and unconnected in time. Example: As one can see, early in the history of the United States, most pollution was created without regard to the environment. Different private groups have taken steps towards preserving nature, including conservationists and environmentalists. A transition word, â€Å"however,† announces the contrasting relationship for the reader, avoiding the stop and start rollercoaster effect and creating cohesion. â€Å"Today† moves the reader from â€Å"early history.† As one can see, early in the history of the United States, most pollution was created without regard to the environment. However, different private groups today have taken steps towards preserving  nature, including conservationists and environmentalists. For cohesion within and between paragraphs – The transition words and phrases below are an abbreviated list of transition terms found at: http://www.studygs.net/wrtstr6.htm. Find more help at http://larae.net/write/transition.html Addition: also, again, besides, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, as well as Result: thus, therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, otherwise, subsequently Generalizations: typically, as usual, for the most part, generally, usually, in general Introducing Examples: for example, for instance, as an illustration, as an example, in this case Emphasis: above all, chiefly, especially, particularly, significantly, most importantly, primarily Similarity: comparatively, correspondingly, likewise, similar, together with, combined with Exception: aside from, barring, besides, except, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of Restatement: in essence, in other words, namely, that is, in short, to put it differently Contrast /Compare: in contrast, conversely, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast, comparatively, likewise Order (time): at first, to begin with, at the same time, now, the next step, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, before, prior, last, meanwhile Summary: in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, finally 4. REPETITION OF KEY WORDS Repeating key terms related to the main idea of the paragraph makes an invisible rope for readers to follow – a few hand holds. However, do not repeat words for the sake of repetition; the reader needs to occasionally be reminded of your focus, not beaten over the head with unnecessary repetitions. Example: The following paragraph focuses on the negative impact of the recession on restaurants. Follow the key words, variations of â€Å"economy,† â€Å"restaurant,† and â€Å"weak†; they tie sentences together as each negative effect is added to the paragraph: Many problems in the economy are impacting the restaurant industry. The factor responsible for most of these negative impacts is the economic recession. Due to weak economic conditions, the U.S. food service industry revenues will only rise 2.5% in 2008, compared to the 4.6% increase in 2007; the National Restaurant Association reports this to be among the poorest sales performances by the domestic restaurant industry in nearly four decades (Basham, 2008b). In response to the weak economic conditions, restaurants are increasing prices only enough to offset higher costs, rather than to expand profit margins (Basham, 2008b). Also, unemployment in the United States affects restaurants with rates reaching 5.3% in 2008 compared to 4.6% in 2007 (Basham, 2008b). The government has also made cost difficult for restaurants by increasing the federal minimum wage to $7.25 in 2009 (Basham, 2008b). Finally, consumers are traveling less which is lowering restaurant  sales; travelers and visitors accounted for a median of 15% of sales at quick service restaurants. At this time, the weak economic conditions have had a major impact on the food service industry. Repetition of the blue key words links the negative impacts on revenues, prices, employment, labor costs and customer traffic in the restaurant industry. Note also the transition words and phrases: â€Å"due to,‟ „in response,‟ â€Å"also,† â€Å"finally.† To avoid needless repetition: As you read each sentence, you naturally expect the next sentence to relate directly to the previous sentence. And this sentence does relate because I am still talking about your, the reader‟s, expectation. But what happens if I don‟t follow-up on the preceding one? I would break your reader attention. In a cohesive paragraph, every sentence builds on the information in the previous sentence, so that you avoid creating a bumpy wooden roller-coaster ride for your reader. If the subjects of two sentences are the same, typically a pronoun can be used to refer to the subject. Example: As you Like It was a universal play that, when set in modern times, still makes sense and can capture an audience. The play As you Like It uses modern costumes, props, and interactions with the audience to relate the story to our times. Note how the repetition of the full name of the play makes the beginning of the second sentence awkward. With a pronoun, it reads As you Like It was a universal play that, when set in modern times, still makes sense and can capture an audience. It uses modern costumes, props, and interactions with the audience to relate the story to our times. Warning: Be sure the reader will know what â€Å"it,† â€Å"he,† â€Å"that,† and other pronouns mean. See http://www.clarkson.edu/writingcenter/docs/vague_pronouns.pdf Finally†¦ 5. REREAD & REVISE! The best way to improve cohesion is to thoroughly reread your paragraphs. Many times, writers quickly put down all of their thoughts in a stream of  consciousness. While everything that they write makes sense at the time, it may seem like a garbled mess to a reader. Rereading your work (or having a friend, professor or tutor read it) allows you to add any missing links, fill gaps in logic and create cohesion. Additional Resources: http://www.ecu.edu/first_year_studio/workshops/printable_ws/Organization_and_Cohesion.doc http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/style/cohesion.html http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/comp1/coherent.htm http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/561/04/ http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/style/transitioncues.html

V-1 Flying Bomb in World War II

The V-1 flying bomb was developed by Germany during World War II (1939-1945) as a vengeance weapon and was an early unguided cruise missile. Tested at Peenemà ¼nde-West facility, the V-1 was the only production aircraft to utilize a pulsejet for its power plant.The first of the V-weapons to become operational, the V-1 flying bomb entered service in June 1944 and was used to strike London and southeastern England from launch facilities in northern France and the Low Countries. When these facilities were overrun, V-1s were fired at Allied port facilities around Antwerp, Belgium. Due to its high speed, few Allied fighters were capable of intercepting a V-1 in flight. Fast Facts: V-1 Flying Bomb User: Nazi GermanyManufacturer: FieselerIntroduced: 1944Length: 27 ft., 3 in.Wingspan: 17 ft. 6 in.Loaded Weight: 4,750 lbs. Performance Power Plant: Argus As 109-014 pulse jet engineRange: 150 milesMax Speed: 393 mphGuidance System: Gyrocompass based autopilot Armament Warhead: 1,870 lbs. Amatol Design The idea of a flying bomb was first proposed to the Luftwaffe in 1939. Turned down, a second proposal was also declined in 1941. With German losses increasing, the Luftwaffe revisited the concept in June 1942 and approved the development of an inexpensive flying bomb that possessed a range of around 150 miles. To protect the project from Allied spies, it was designated Flak Ziel Geraet (anti-aircraft target apparatus). Design of the weapon was overseen by Robert Lusser of Fieseler and Fritz Gosslau of the Argus engine works. Refining the earlier work of Paul Schmidt, Gosslau designed a pulse jet engine for the weapon. Consisting of few moving parts, the pulse jet operated by air entering into the intake where it was mixed with fuel and ignited by spark plugs. The combustion of the mixture forced sets of intake shutters closed, producing a burst of thrust out the exhaust. The shutters then opened again in the airflow to repeat the process. This occurred around fifty times a second and gave the engine its distinctive buzz sound. A further advantage to the pulse jet design was that it could operate on low-grade fuel. Cutaway drawing of V-1. US Air Force Gosslaus engine was mounted above a simple fuselage which possessed short, stubby wings. Designed by Lusser, the airframe was originally constructed entirely of welded sheet steel. In production, plywood was substituted for constructing the wings. The flying bomb was directed to its target through the use of a simple guidance system which relied on gyroscopes for stability, a magnetic compass for heading, and a barometric altimeter for altitude control. A vane anemometer on the nose drove a counter which determined when the target area was reached and triggered a mechanism to cause the bomb to dive. Development Development of the flying bomb progressed at the Peenemà ¼nde, where the V-2 rocket was being tested. The first glide test of the weapon occurred in early December 1942, with the first powered flight on Christmas Eve. Work continued through the spring of 1943, and on May 26, Nazi officials decided to place the weapon into production. Designated the Fiesler Fi-103, it was more commonly referred to as V-1, for Vergeltungswaffe Einz (Vengeance Weapon 1). With this approval, work accelerated at Peenemà ¼nde while operational units were formed and launch sites constructed. A German crew prepares a V-1, 1944. Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1975-117-26 / Lysiak / CC-BY-SA 3.0 While many of the V-1s early test flights had commenced from German aircraft, the weapon was intended to be launched from ground sites through the use of ramps fitted with steam or chemical catapults. These sites were quickly constructed in northern France in the Pas-de-Calais region. While many early sites were destroyed by Allied aircraft as part of Operation Crossbow before becoming operational, new, concealed locations were built to replace them. While V-1 production was spread across Germany, many were built by slave labor at the notorious underground Mittelwerk plant near Nordhausen. Operational History The first V-1 attacks occurred on June 13, 1944, when around ten of the missiles were fired towards London. V-1 attacks began in earnest two days later, inaugurating the flying bomb blitz. Due to the odd sound of the V-1s engine, the British public dubbed the new weapon the buzz bomb and doodlebug. Like the V-2, the V-1 was unable to strike specific targets and was intended to be an area weapon that inspired terror in the British population. Those on the ground quickly learned that the end of a V-1s buzz signaled that it was diving to the ground. Early Allied efforts to counter the new weapon were haphazard as fighter patrols often lacked aircraft that could catch the V-1 at its cruising altitude of 2,000-3,000 feet and anti-aircraft guns could not traverse quickly enough to hit it. To combat the threat, anti-aircraft guns were redeployed across southeastern England and over 2,000 barrage balloons were also deployed. The only aircraft suitable for defensive duties in mid-1944 was the new Hawker Tempest which was only available in limited numbers. This was soon joined by modified P-51 Mustangs and Spitfire Mark XIVs. Seen in silhouette, a Royal Air Force Supermarine Spitfire manoeuvres alongside a German V-1 flying bomb in an attempt to deflect it from its target. Public Domain At night, the De Havilland Mosquito was used as an effective interceptor. While the Allies made improvements in aerial interception, new tools aided the fight from the ground. In addition to faster-traversing guns, the arrival of gun-laying radars (such as the SCR-584) and proximity fuses made ground fire the most effective way of defeating the V-1. By late August 1944, 70% of V-1s were destroyed by guns on the coast. While these home defense techniques were becoming effective, the threat was only ended when Allied troops overran German launch positions in France and the Low Countries. With the loss of these launch sites, the Germans were forced to rely on air-launched V-1s for striking at Britain. These were fired from modified Heinkel He-111s flying over the North Sea. A total of 1,176 V-1s were launched in this manner until the Luftwaffe suspended the approach due to bomber losses in January 1945. Though no longer able to hit targets in Britain, the Germans continued to use the V-1 to strike at Antwerp and other key sites in the Low Countries that had been liberated by the Allies. A German Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 H-22 with a V-1 mounted. US Air Force Over 30,000 V-1s were produced during the war with around 10,000 fired at targets in Britain. Of these, only 2,419 reached London, killing 6,184 people and injuring 17,981. Antwerp, a popular target, was hit by 2,448 between October 1944 and March 1945. A total of around 9,000 were fired at targets in Continental Europe. Though V-1s only struck their target 25% of the time, they proved more economical than the Luftwaffes bombing campaign of 1940/41. Regardless, the V-1 was largely a terror weapon and had little overall impact on the outcome of the war. During the war, both the United States and the Soviet Union reverse engineered the V-1 and produced their versions. Though neither saw combat service, the American JB-2 was intended for use during the proposed invasion of Japan. Retained by the US Air Force, the JB-2 was used as a test platform into the 1950s.